The AGCs first flight was on Apollo 7. Also known inside IBM as the Defense Calculator," the 701 rented for $15,000 a month. central processing unit (cpu) computers brain. Windows NT was a version of Windows that included a graphical interface on top of a DOS kernel. Apples inspiration for the Lisa and Macintosh computers came from the Xerox Alto. With a peak speed of over a petaflop (one thousand trillion calculations per second), the Tianhe 1 (translation: Milky Way 1) is developed by the Chinese National University of Defense Technology using Intel Xeon processors combined with AMD graphic processing units (GPUs). It used a MOS Technologies 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz. What is the general term for software whose source code is made available for free and permits users to use, change, and improve it? General Georges Doriot and his pioneering venture capital firm, American Research and Development, invested $70,000 for 70% of DECs stock to launch the company in 1957. These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. Mathematician George Stibitz recommends using a relay-based calculator for the project. Based around the Texas Instruments TMS 9900 microprocessor running at 3 MHz, the TI 99/4 has one of the fastest CPUs available in a home computer. System/360 is a major event in the history of computing. Let us call it Simon, because of its predecessor, Simple Simon Simon is so simple and so small in fact that it could be built to fill up less space than a grocery-store box; about four cubic feet.. Within weeks of its appearance, customers inundated its maker, MITS, with orders. The line was discontinued less than two years later. The 6600 retained the distinction of being the fastest computer in the world until surpassed by its successor, the CDC 7600, in 1968. Which of the following is an accepted design criterion for writing and publishing digital documents? The line was discontinued in 2014. Northrop was initially reluctant to make MADDIDA a commercial product, but by the end of 1952, six had sold. The EDSAC project was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computation Laboratory, Maurice Wilkes. True/False False Mac OS X (now macOS) runs the same kernel used in its predecessor, Mac OS 9. The PDP-8 sold for $18,000, one-fifth the price of a small IBM System/360 mainframe. Scelbi aimed the 8H, available both in kit form and fully assembled, at scientific, electronic, and biological applications. Tracks on the drum did the mathematical integration. The machines system of connections and switches let processors broadcast information and requests for help to other processors in a simulation of brain-like associative recall. ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. Promotional shot of the Compaq Deskpro 386s. Wi-Fi . Apollo and its main competitor, Sun Microsystems, optimized their machines to run the computer-intensive graphics programs common in engineering and scientific applications. Based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor, the Micral is one of the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computers. Wang sold the 2200 primarily through Value Added Resellers, who added special software to solve specific customer problems. Hungarian-born von Neumann demonstrated prodigious expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, statistics, and the use of mechanical devices for computation. One of the first commercially produced computers, the companys first customer was the US Navy. While imprisoned at Buchenwald concentration camp for the rest of World War II, he refines his pre-war design of a calculator featuring a modified version of Leibnizs stepped drum design. System control was provided through the Atlas Supervisor, which some consider to be the first true operating system. The design packed 800 vacuum tubes into a relatively compact 12 square feet. Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The Invention of the PC These innovations made it cheaper and easier to. The Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6600 performs up to 3 million instructions per second three times faster than that of its closest competitor, the IBM 7030 supercomputer. The micro should be an extremely low power device even if this raises the cost of the project. Spreadsheet The Zilog Z-80 could run any program written for the 8080 and included twice as many built-in machine instructions. Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes into the display and keyboard unit (DSKY). Instead of simply copying the basic input output system (BIOS) of the Apple II as Franklin Computer had done, they reversed engineered the system and sold it for US $479, a much lower price than the comparable Apple II. The machine was noted for its ease-of-use and included a 'manual' that contained only a few pictures and less than 20 words. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to test recording equipment and speaker systems for the 12 specially equipped theatres that showed the movie Fantasia in 1940. ____ operating systems are typically used for a network platform. With a screen resolution of up to 400 pixels-per-inch (PPI), Retina displays approached the limit of pixel visibility to the human eye. Definition. the _____ screen is the first screen displayed. The Roadrunner is the first computer to reach a sustained performance of 1 petaflop (one thousand trillion floating point operations per second). University of Manchester researchers Frederic Williams, Tom Kilburn, and Geoff Toothill develop the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), better known as the Manchester "Baby." When Xerox PARC loaned the Stanford Engineering Department an entire Alto Ethernet network with laser printer, graduate student Andy Bechtolsheim re-designed it into a prototype that he then attached to Stanfords computer network. The PowerBook 170 was the high-end model, featuring an active matrix display, faster processor, as well as a floating point unit. Accept data (input) 2. The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in The 701 introduction also marked the beginning of IBMs entry into the large-scale computer market, a market it came to dominate in later decades. Wang was a successful calculator manufacturer, then a successful word processor company. The DN100 is based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, high-resolution display and built-in networking - the three basic features of all workstations. The NBS also built the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC) at the Institute for Numerical Analysis on the UCLA campus. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. Microsoft founded - HISTORY DEC is founded initially to make electronic modules for test, measurement, prototyping and control markets. The computer had to be rugged and fast, with advanced circuit design and reliable packaging able to withstand the forces of a missile launch. FoxBase/FoxPro | Localazy Hub Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. The kit was the cover story of hobbyist magazine Radio-Electronics in July 1974 six months before the MITS Altair 8800 was in rival Popular Electronics magazine. 0.5 out of 0.5 points. Before its decommissioning in 1952, the SSEC produced the moon position tables used in early planning of the 1969 Apollo XII moon landing. Microsoft MS-DOS early source code - CHM Daniel Hillis of Thinking Machines Corporation moves artificial intelligence a step forward when he develops the controversial concept of massive parallelism in the Connection Machine CM-1. The computer he created, an all-black cube was an important innovation. The University of Michigan Micro Mote (M3) is the smallest computer in the world at the time of its completion. Term. A commercial version of Alan Turing's Pilot ACE, called DEUCEthe Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine -- is used mostly for science and engineering problems and a few commercial applications. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term for personal computers, particularly any of a class of small digital computers whose CPU is contained on a single integrated semiconductor chip. Get started for free! Bruce Arthur Artwick (born January 1, 1953) [1] is an American software engineer. Information systems whose purpose is to glean from raw data relationships and trends that might help organizations compete better are called business intelligence (BI) systems. [21] The first stored-program computers [ edit] Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria. Microcomputers for Twenty-First Century Educators (Paperback, 4th ed) / Author: Lockard / Author: Abrams / Author: "Many ; 9780673524560 ; Educational resources & technology, Education, Social sciences, Books In 1983 Zojirushi introduced a rice cooker that was among the first consumer-oriented products to rely on fuzzy logic. The Nest allowed for remote access to a users homes thermostat by using a smartphone or tablet and could also send monthly power consumption reports to help save on energy bills. Part of the speed came from the computers design, which used 10 small computers, known as peripheral processing units, to offload the workload from the central processor. When was the word "computer" first used? The first release proved so popular there was a long delay in delivering systems on release. Definition. The title of first commercially available general-purpose computer probably goes to Britains Ferranti Mark I for its sale of its first Mark I computer to Manchester University. Which Software Was The First Available For Microcomputers? That means if you want to get started collecting microcomputers, knowing which system to go for first can be overwhelming. The ASCI Red, based on the design of the Intel Paragon, was built by IBM and delivered to Sandia National Laboratories. Designed by engineer Gardner Hendrie for Computer Control Corporation (CCC), the DDP-116 is announced at the 1965 Spring Joint Computer Conference. Answer early modern period 1700 ad to 1899 ad 16 The handwriting recognition software was much maligned for inaccuracy. The machine was expandable, with ports for cassette storage, serial interface and rudimentary networking. Linux - Wikipedia Both faced strong competition from the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80 computers. An inspiring summer school on computing at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering stimulates construction of stored-program computers at universities and research institutions in the US, France, the UK, and Germany. The Nova was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. The Programma 101 could do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as calculate square roots. Apple introduces the Macintosh with a television commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl, which plays on the theme of totalitarianism in George Orwells book 1984. Airline reservation agents working with SABRE. Simon featured on the November 1950 Scientific American cover, The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from 1950 to 1951. For its January issue, hobbyist magazine Popular Electronics runs a cover story of a new computer kit the Altair 8800. answer choices True Fasle Question 3 30 seconds Q. What do research studies tend to confirm about online learning? (C) The Regent Corporation's microcomputer can be used in conjunction with higher-priced microcomputers manufactured by other companies. With the success of the clone, Compaq recorded first-year sales of $111 million, the most ever by an American business in a single year. The PowerBook 100 was the entry-level machine, while the PowerBook 140 was more powerful and had a larger memory. Term. An experiment conducted five months later on the MIT Whirlwind computer confirmed how useful and convenient a keyboard input device could be. The Lisa ran on a Motorola 68000 microprocessor and came equipped with 1 MB of RAM, a 12-inch black-and-white monitor, dual 5.25-inch floppy disk drives and a 5 MB Profile hard drive. A year later, it steered Apollo 11 to the lunar surface. The Air incorporated many of the technologies that had been associated with Apple's MacBook line of laptops, including integrated camera, and Wi-Fi capabilities. False A full-scale working replica of the ABC was completed in 1997, proving that the ABC machine functioned as Atanasoff had claimed. Apple introduces their first ultra notebook a light, thin laptop with high-capacity battery. What is the function of an IEP generator? What set the 486 apart was its optimized instruction set, with an on-chip unified instruction and data cache and an optional on-chip floating-point unit. Wilkes' ideas grew out of the Moore School lectures he had attended three years earlier. Over the next few years, the basic design of the IAS machine was copied in at least 17 places and given similar-sounding names, for example, the MANIAC at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; the ILLIAC at the University of Illinois; the Johnniac at The Rand Corporation; and the SILLIAC in Australia. Developed by the Japanese government to create global climate models, the Earth Simulator is a massively parallel, vector-based system that costs nearly 60 billion yen (roughly $600 million at the time). How to Get Started Collecting Microcomputers - MUO The TRS-80 was priced at $599.95, included a Z80 microprocessor, video display, 4 KB of memory, a built-in BASIC programming language interpreter, cassette storage, and easy-to-understand manuals that assumed no prior knowledge on the part of the user. What can both teachers and students create to make a visual record their skill development over time? What are students programming when they develop a computer-generated environment in which a real-life scene is overlaid with computer-generated information? (D) Most of those individuals and companies that could be expected to make up the potential market for the Regent microcomputer have already filled their microcomputer needs. Which of the following has research shown to be a benefit of online learning? Store the results for future use Hardware the electronical and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer. The mill is still in use today as an office park (Clock Tower Place) today. The RISC microprocessor had a 32-bit integer arithmetic and logic unit (the part of the CPU that performs operations such as addition and subtraction), a 64-bit floating-point unit, and a clock rate of 33 MHz. Franklin was able to undercut Apple's pricing even while offering some features not available on the original. The IBM PC was widely copied (cloned) and led to the creation of a vast ecosystem of software, peripherals, and other commodities for use with the platform. The 486 chips remained similar in structure to their predecessors, the 386 chips. An ecologist, for example, could sprinkle thousands of motes from the air onto a field and measure soil and air temperature, moisture, and sunlight, giving them accurate real-time data about the environment. Powerful microcomputers developed for use by commercial, educational and government enterprises are called ____. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. It was widely used in DEC's workstations and servers, as well as several supercomputers like the Chinese Sunway Blue Light system, and the Swiss Gigabooster. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company had just made the transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue began to move from punched card equipment to electronic computer systems. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. It is recognized by the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records as the greatest selling single computer of all time. The Pi weighed only 45 grams and initially sold for only $25-$35 U.S. T/F False Storage on a mobile device is usually an SSD (Solid-state drive). In 1984, Michael Dell creates PC's Limited while still a student of the University of Texas at Austin. SABRE is a joint project between American Airlines and IBM. C. The Pentium is the fifth generation of the x86 line of microprocessors from Intel, the basis for the IBM PC and its clones. What type of integration strategy is a teacher using when she has her students link up with local writers who critique the students' stories and email them feedback before their work is finalized and posted online? Of the following challenges, which one has not been identified as a challenge for students engaged in blended learning? In 1977, MITS was sold to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs in 1978. Designed by scientists and engineers at MITs Instrumentation Laboratory, the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) is the culmination of years of work to reduce the size of the Apollo spacecraft computer from the size of seven refrigerators side-by-side to a compact unit weighing only 70 lbs. It used two different microprocessors: an IBM POWER XCell L8i and AMD Opteron. The 470V/6 was the companys first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. The Apple Newton Personal Digital Assistant. The Retina display became standard on most of the iPad, iPhone, MacBook, and Apple Watch product lines. They did. It featured a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, a modem, and two 5.25-inch floppy disk drives. The first digital computer that could operate in real-time came out of Project Whirlwind, a initiative during World War II in which MIT worked with the U.S. Navy to develop a universal flight simulator. The Model 650 was also highly popular in universities, where a generation of students first learned programming. The trio soon attracted UC Berkeley UNIX guru Bill Joy, who led software development. IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. The militarys high standards for its transistors pushed manufacturers to improve quality control. This very small home computer is available in the UK as a kit for 79 or pre-assembled for 99. Beginning with the VAX-11/780, the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX family of computers rivals much more expensive mainframe computers in performance and features the ability to address over 4 GB of virtual memory, hundreds of times the capacity of most minicomputers. Millions of Apple IIs were sold between 1977 and 1993, making it one of the longest-lived lines of personal computers. Started in 1943, the ENIAC computing system was built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. The machines existence was not made public until the 1970s. The success of the Portable inspired many other early IBM-compatible computers. True/False B. any combo of hardware or software designed to provide services to us. Microcomputer Applications - Quiz 1. Computers | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum Combined with an enhanced bus interface unit, the microprocessor doubled the performance of the 386 without increasing the clock rate. What do sites such as edshelf, Learning List, What Works Clearinghouse, EdSurge Product Index, and Common Sense Education help teachers with? Designed by John V. Blankenbaker using standard medium-- and small-scale integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. _____ account allows changes that affect other users, changes to security settings, installation of software and hardware, and access to all files on the computer. The PET was popular with schools and for use as a home computer. Which kind of software tool would a teacher choose in order to develop a test item bank? It had 32 KB of memory and sold for $8,000. The First Microcomputer: The Q1 | Hackaday When Was the First Computer Invented? - Computer Hope's Free Computer Help The LINC is an early and important example of a personal computer, that is, a computer designed for only one user. Later, Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. "Best study app ever! This printing programmable calculator was made from discrete transistors and an acoustic delay-line memory. In October 1961, the Navy tested the NTDS on the USS Oriskany carrier and the USS King and USS Mahan frigates. After the war, he concentrated on the development of Princetons Institute for Advanced Studies computer. Shortly after delivery of the Atari VCS game console, Atari designs two microcomputers with game capabilities: the Model 400 and Model 800. Its founders were Ken and Stan Olsen, and Harlan Anderson. When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. After the success of the PET, Commodore remained a major player in the personal computer market into the 1990s. Intel and Zilog introduced new microprocessors. microcomputer Flashcards | Quizlet The Nova line of computers continued through the 1970s, and influenced later systems like the Xerox Alto and Apple 1. Johnniac was used for scientific and engineering calculations. answer choices 20 pin P1 connector 8 pin auxiliary connector 24+4 pin P1 connector The Pentium introduced several advances that made programs run faster such as the ability to execute several instructions at the same time and support for graphics and music. Completed in 1951, Whirlwind remains one of the most important computer projects in the history of computing. It was the world's first commercial 16-bit minicomputer and 172 systems were sold. Apple gave away thousands of Apple IIs to school, giving a new generation their first access to personal computers. At the 2006 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) announces it will create a program to deliver technology and resources to targeted schools in the least developed countries. The first microcomputer was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The basic idea for bombes came from Polish code-breaker Marian Rejewski's 1938 "Bomba.". Which of the following is not a significant challenge in regard to assessing students who are English language learners (ELLs)? Online retailer Amazon released the Kindle, one of the first to gain a large following among consumers. Introduction of the iPhone 4 with retina display. Hundreds of allied bombes were built in order to determine the daily rotor start positions of Enigma cipher machines, which in turn allowed the Allies to decrypt German messages. Which software was the first available for microcomputers? In all, about 200 of the boards were sold before Apple announced the follow-on Apple II a year later as a ready-to-use computer for consumers, a model which sold in the millions for nearly two decades. Most historians believe that the use of Colossus machines significantly shortened the war by providing evidence of enemy intentions and beliefs. Computer-enhanced image of IBMs Roadrunner. Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize sync both computer and Palm. Its large scope intrigued early hackers at MIT, who wrote the first computerized video game, SpaceWar!, as well as programs to play music. Apple had initially included a handle in their Macintosh computers to encourage users to take their Macs on the go, though not until five years after the initial introduction does Apple introduce a true portable computer. Which is an acknowledged benefit of software with drill and practice functions? Nearly a quarter century after IBM launched their PC in 1981, they had become merely another player in a crowded marketplace. The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Zojirushi Micom Electric Rice OPENSTEP was used as one of the foundations for the new Mac OS operating system soon after NeXT was acquired by Apple in 1996. Columbia was used in space vehicle analysis, including studying the Columbia disaster, but also in astrophysics, weather and ocean modeling. Altair 8800 Microcomputer | National Museum of American History Compaq beats IBM to the market when it announces the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intels new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. What is the first step when designing and creating a web page or website? There are many stand-alone utility programs available as an alternative to the operating system'sutility programs. Harkening back to the hobbyist era of personal computing in the 1970s, Arduino begins as a project of the Interaction Design Institute, Ivrea, Italy. The J-Phone line would quickly expand, releasing a flip-phone version just a month later. Output was displayed on the users home TV screen through use of an adapter. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. True False True The term DBMS is used in reference to spreadsheet software. Initially, Franklin won a court victory allowing them to continue cloning the machines, but in 1988, Apple won a copyright lawsuit against Franklin, forcing them to stop making Apple II clones.. Using this system, the machine could work faster than any other at the time on a problem that could be parceled out among the many processors. This free, public set of lectures inspired the EDSAC, BINAC, and, later, IAS machine clones like the AVIDAC. The US Army asked Bell Laboratories to design a machine to assist in testing its M-9 gun director, a type of analog computer that aims large guns to their targets. [1] Raspberry Pi, a popular modern-class microcomputer A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer having a central processing unit (CPU) made out of a microprocessor. Sold complete with a main logic board, switching power supply, keyboard, case, manual, game paddles, and cassette tape containing the game Breakout, the Apple-II finds popularity far beyond the hobbyist community which made up Apples user community until then. 2.4 trillion. System/360 was aimed at both business and scientific customers and all models could run the same software, largely without modification. The 6502 and its progeny are still used today, usually in embedded applications. These are the two categories people usually use to describe tutorial software functions. Arduino soon became the main computer platform of the worldwide Maker movement. The 2200 used a built-in CRT, cassette tape for storage, and ran the programming language BASIC. A cassette tape interface provided supplementary storage for text. CHAPTER 5 QUESTION 1 1. User interface It offered increased performance and storage capacity over the original IBM PC and sold for about $4,000. Computer Chp. 1&2 Flashcards Its base price was $6,500. This real-time information system began operating in the early 1960s. It used $120 worth of electronics components, as outlined in the September 1973 issue of hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics. He founded Sublogic after graduating from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1977, and released the first version of Flight Simulator for the Apple II in 1979. The Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) needed a supercomputer to help with the maintenance of the US nuclear arsenal following the ban on underground nuclear testing. 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