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What are the 5 responses to urban sustainability challenges? Without paying heed to finite resources, urban sustainability may be increasingly difficult to attain depending on the availability and cost of key natural resources and energy as the 21st century progresses (Day et al., 2014, 2016; McDonnell and MacGregor-Fors, 2016; Ramaswami et al., 2016). The effort of promoting sustainable development strategies requires a greater level of interaction between different systems and their boundaries as the impacts of urban-based consumption and pollution affect global resource management and, for example, global climate change problems; therefore, pursuing sustainability calls for unprecedented system boundaries extensions, which are increasingly determined by actions at the urban level. However, some cities are making a much more concerted effort to understand the full range of the negative environmental impacts they produce, and working toward reducing those impacts even when impacts are external to the city itself. When cities build and expand, they can create greenbelts, areas of wild, undeveloped land in surrounding urban areas. Long-term policies and institutionalized activities that can promote greater equity can contribute to the future of sustainable cities. This study provides direct and easily interpreted estimates of the air quality and infant health benefits of the 1970 Act. . Without regional planning, rural and suburban towns will grow but will have a massive amount of commuters demanding greater highway access. Ecological footprint analysis has helped to reopen the controversial issue of human carrying capacity. The ecological footprint of a specified population is the area of land and water ecosystems required continuously. doi: 10.17226/23551. A holistic view, focused on understanding system structure and behavior, will require building and managing transdisciplinary tools and metrics. 3 Principles of Urban Sustainability: A Roadmap for Decision Making. Characterizing the urban metabolism constitutes a priority research agenda and includes quantification of the inputs, outputs, and storage of energy, water, nutrients, products, and wastes, at an urban scale. Fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides. The metric most often used is the total area of productive landscape and waterscape required to support that population (Rees, 1996; Wackernagel and Rees, 1996). It must be recognized that ultimately all sustainability is limited by biophysical limits and finite resources at the global scale (e.g., Burger et al., 2012; Rees, 2012). Learn about and revise the challenges that some British cities face, including regeneration and urban sustainability, with GCSE Bitesize Geography (AQA). What are some anthropogenic causes of air pollution? As described in Chapter 2, many indicators and metrics have been developed to measure sustainability, each of which has its own weaknesses and strengths as well as availability of data and ease of calculation. Sustainable cities: research and practice challenges However, recent scientific analyses have shown that major cities are actually the safest areas in the United States, significantly more so than their suburban and rural counterparts, when considering that safety involves more than simply violent crime risks but also traffic risks and other threats to safety (Myers et al., 2013). Big Ideas: Big Idea 1: PSO - How do physical geography and resources impact the presence and growth of cities? Sustainable management of resources and limiting the impact on the environment are important goals for cities. There is the matter of urban growth that, if unregulated, can come in the form of suburban sprawl. High amounts of nutrients that lead to an algal bloom and prevents oxygen and light from entering the water. The continuous reassessment of the impact of the strategy implemented requires the use of metrics, and a DPSIR framework will be particularly useful to assess the progress of urban sustainability. Efforts to reduce severe urban disparities in public health, economic prosperity, and citizen engagement allow cities to improve their full potential and become more appealing and inclusive places to live and work (UN, 2016b). Urban sprawl reduces available water catchment areas, agricultural lands and increases demand for energy. The following discussion of research and development needs highlights just a few ways that science can contribute to urban sustainability. The results imply that poor air quality had substantial effects on infant health at concentrations near the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencymandated air quality standard and that roughly 1,300 fewer infants died in 1972 than would have in the absence of the Act. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Fresh-water rivers and lakes which are replenished by glaciers will have an altered timing of replenishment; there may be more water in the spring and less in the summer. A strip mall is built along a major roadway. When cities begin to grow quickly, planning and allocation of resources are critical. 2. It can be achieved by reducing, reusing, and recycling materials. Sustainable Cities: Urban Planning Challenges and Policy Nongovernmental organizations and private actors such as individuals and the private sector play important roles in shaping urban activities and public perception. Meeting the challenges of planetary stewardship demands new governance solutions and systems that respond to the realities of interconnectedness. How can a city's ecological footprint be a challenge to urban sustainability? A summary of major research and development needs is as follows. Urban sustainability refers to the ability of a city or urban area to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The roadmap is organized in three phases: (1) creating the basis for a sustainability roadmap, (2) design and implementation, and (3) outcomes and reassessment. A city or region cannot be sustainable if its principles and actions toward its own, local-level sustainability do not scale up to sustainability globally. How can sanitation be a challenge to urban sustainability? Maintaining good air and water quality in urban areas is a challenge as these resources are not only used more but are also vulnerable to pollutants and contaminants. Dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, nitrates, and bioindicators. Climate change, pollution, inadequate housing, and unsustainable production and consumption are threatening environmental justice and health equity across generations, socioeconomic strata, and urban settings. Consequently, what may appear to be sustainable locally, at the urban or metropolitan scale, belies the total planetary-level environmental or social consequences. This lens is needed to undergird and encourage collaborations across many organizations that will enable meaningful pathways to urban sustainability. Nothing can go wrong! Discriminatory practices in the housing market over many decades have created racial segregation in central cities and suburbs. I have highlighted what I see as two of the most interesting and critical challenges in sustainable urban development: understanding the 'vision' (or visions) and developing a deeper understanding of the multi-faceted processes of change required to achieve more sustainable cities. To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter. How can urban growth boundaries respond to, How can farmland protection policies respond to, How can the redevelopment of brownfields respond to. There is the issue, however, that economic and energy savings from these activities may suffer from Jevons Paradox in that money and energy saved in the ways mentioned above will be spent elsewhere, offsetting local efficiencies (Brown et al., 2011; Hall and Klitgaard, 2011). UA is thus integral to the prospect of Urban Sustainability as SDG 11 ("Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable") of the U.N.'s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Thinking about cities as closed systems that require self-sustaining resource independence ignores the concepts of comparative advantage or the benefits of trade and economies of scale. A practitioner could complement the adopted standard(s) with additional indicators unique to the citys context as necessary. Third, the critical task of developing finance models to support urban sustainability action requires urgent attention. Understanding indicators and making use of them to improve urban sustainability could benefit from the adoption of a DPSIR framework, as discussed by Ferro and Fernndez (2013). Here we use the concept of ecological footprint, which has been proposed as an analytic tool to estimate the load imposed on the ecosphere by any specified human population (Berkowitz and Rees, 2003). Commitment to sustainable development by city or municipal authorities means adding new goals to those that are their traditional concerns (McGranahan and Satterthwaite, 2003). So Paulo Statement on Urban Sustainability: A Call to Integrate Our A multiscale governance system that explicitly addresses interconnected resource chains and interconnected places is necessary in order to transition toward urban sustainability (Box 3-4). The first is to consider the environmental impacts of urban-based production and consumption on the needs of all people, not just those within their jurisdiction. This briefing provides an initial overview of how the . How can energy use be a challenge to urban sustainability? Ultimately, the laws of thermodynamics limit the amount of useful recycling. I. A Review of Policy Responses on Urban Mobility" Sustainability 13, no. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. Urban sustainability requires the involvement of citizens, private entities, and public authorities, ensuring that all resources are mobilized and working toward a set of clearly articulated goals. Poor resource management can not only affect residents in cities but also people living in other parts of the world. Sustainable solutions are to be customized to each of the urban development stages balancing local constraints and opportunities, but all urban places should strive to articulate a multiscale and multipronged vision for improving human well-being. Urban Development. Bai (2007) points to threethe spatial, temporal, and institutional dimensionsand in each of these dimensions, three elements exist: scale of issues, scale of concerns, and scale of actions and responses. Urban Development Overview - World Bank We argue that much of the associated challenges, and opportunities, are found in the global . What are five responses to urban sustainability challenges? StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. KUALA LUMPUR, February 10, 2018 - In an effort to support cities to achieve a greener future, a new Urban Sustainability Framework (USF), launched today by the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), serves as a guide for cities seeking to enhance their sustainability. Principle 3: Urban inequality undermines sustainability efforts. Name three countries with high air quality. Restrictive housing covenants, exclusionary zoning, financing, and racism have placed minorities and low-income people in disadvantaged positions to seek housing and neighborhoods that promote health, economic prosperity, and human well-being (Denton, 2006; Rabin, 1989; Ritzdorf, 1997; Sampson, 2012; Tilley, 2006). Proper land-use designation and infrastructure planning can remedy the effects of urban growth. A suburban development is built across from a dense, urban neighborhood. This type of information is critically important to develop new analyses to characterize and monitor urban sustainability, especially given the links between urban places with global hinterlands. In an era that is characterized by global flows of commodities, capital, information, and people, the resources to support urban areas extend the impacts of urban activities along environmental, economic, and social dimensions at national and international levels, and become truly global; crossing these boundaries is a prerequisite for sustainable governance. Designing a successful strategy for urban sustainability requires developing a holistic perspective on the interactions among urban and global systems, and strong governance. Lack of regulation and illegal dumping are causes for concern and can lead to a greater dispersion of pollutants without oversight. Moreover, because most cities are geographically separated from their resource base, it is difficult to assess the threat of resource depletion or decline. Cities with a high number of manufacturing are linked with ____. Once established, urban metabolism models supported by adequate tools and metrics enable a research stream to explore the optimization of resource productivity and the degree of circularity of resource streams that may be helpful in identifying critical processes for the sustainability of the urban system and opportunities for improvement. In this step it is critical to engage community members and other stakeholders in identifying local constraints and opportunities that promote or deter sustainable solutions at different urban development stages. There is evidence that the spatial distribution of people of color and low-income people is highly correlated with the distribution of air pollution, landfills, lead poisoning in children, abandoned toxic waste dumps, and contaminated fish consumption. The results do show that humans global ecological footprint is already well beyond the area of productive land and water ecosystems available on Earth and that it has been expanding in the recent decades. See also Holmes and Pincetl (2012). These strategies should not be developed in isolation, but rather in collaboration with, or ideally, developed by, the practitioners responsible for achieving the goals and targets. A comprehensive strategy in the form of a roadmap, which incorporates these principles while focusing on the interactions among urban and global systems, can provide a framework for all stakeholders engaged in metropolitan areas, including local and regional governments, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations, to enable meaningful pathways to urban sustainability. 3 Clark, C. M. 2015. (2012) argued that the laws of thermodynamics and biophysical constraints place limitations on what is possible for all systems, including human systems such as cities. Cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, hepatitis A, and polio. This means the air quality is at the level of concern of ____. Cities have captured more than 80 percent of the globes economic activity and offered social mobility and economic prosperity to millions by clustering creative, innovative, and educated individuals and organizations. In this regard, access This can assist governments in preserving natural areas or agricultural fields. For a nonrenewable resourcefossil fuel, high-grade mineral ores, fossil groundwaterthe sustainable rate of use can be no greater than the rate at which a renewable resource, used sustainably, can be substituted for it. Waste management systems have the task of managing current and projected waste processing. As such, there are many important opportunities for further research. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Some of the major advantages of cities as identified by Rees (1996) include (1) lower costs per capita of providing piped treated water, sewer systems, waste collection, and most other forms of infrastructure and public amenities; (2) greater possibilities for, and a greater range of options for, material recycling, reuse, remanufacturing, and the specialized skills and enterprises needed to make these things happen; (3) high population density, which reduces the per capita demand for occupied land; (4) great potential through economies of scale, co-generation, and the use of waste process heat from industry or power plants, to reduce the per capita use of fossil fuel for space heating; and (5) great potential for reducing (mostly fossil) energy consumption by motor vehicles through walking. Urban sustainability is therefore a multiscale and multidimensional issue that not only centers on but transcends urban jurisdictions and which can only be addressed by durable leadership, citizen involvement, and regional partnerships as well as vertical interactions among different governmental levels. Indeed, often multiple cities rely on the same regions for resources. In many ways, this is a tragedy of the commons issue, where individual cities act in their own self-interest at the peril of shared global resources. How can air and water quality be a challenge to urban sustainability? Pollution includes greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change. Where possible, activities that offer co-occurring, reasonably sized benefits in multiple dimensions of sustainability should be closely considered and pursued as primary choices while managing tradeoffs. Unit_6_Cities_and_Urban_Land_Use - Unit 6: Cities and Urban Thus, urban sustainability cannot be limited to what happens within a single place. There is a general ignorance about. when only one kind of use or purpose can be built. But city authorities need national guidelines and often national policies. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Water conservation schemes can then be one way to ensure both the quantity and quality of water for residents. Fill in the blank. The project is the first of six in the UCLA Grand Challenge initiative that will unite the university's resources to tackle some of society's most pressing issues.. The use of a DPSIR model posits an explicit causality effect between different actors and consequences and ensures exhaustive coverage of the phenomena contained in the model (Ferro and Fernandez, 2013). Developing new signals of urban performance is a crucial step to help cities maintain Earths natural capital in the long term (Alberti, 1996). Therefore, the elimination of these obstacles must start by clarifying the nature of the issue, identifying which among the obstacles are real and which can be handled by changing perceptions, concerns, and priorities at the city level. . Information is needed on how the processes operate, including by whom and where outcomes and inputs are determined as well as tipping points in the system. Daly (2002) proposed three criteria that must be met for a resouce or process to be considered sustainable: Fiala (2008) pointed to two issues that can be raised regarding the ecological footprint method. Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Smart and Resilient Urban Futures for unrestricted growth outside of major urban areas with separate designations for residential, commercial, entertainment, and other services, usually only accessible by car. 3, Industrial Pollution in Russia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Industry_in_Russia.jpg), by Alt-n-Anela (https://www.flickr.com/people/47539533@N05), licensed by CC-BY-2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en), Fig. Factories and power plants, forestry and agriculture, mining and municipal wastewater treatment plants. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. By 2045, the world's urban population will increase by 1.5 times to 6 billion. The transition to sustainable urban development requires both appropriate city management and local authorities that are aware of the implications posed by new urban sustainability challenges. Will you pass the quiz? By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. How did the federal government influence suburban sprawl in the US? How does air pollution contribute to climate change? Durable sustainability policies that transcend single leaders, no matter how influential, will also be necessary to foster reliable governance and interconnectedness over the long term for cities. Development, i.e., the meeting of peoples needs, requires use of resources and implies generation of wastes. 11: 6486 . Poor resource management can not only affect residents in cities but also people living in other parts of the world. European cities have been at the forefront of the crisis from the very beginning, not only bearing the worst impacts but also becoming key actors in advocating for a green and just recovery. Concentrated energy use leads to greater air pollution with significant. The DPSIR framework describes the interactions between society and the environment, the key components of which are driving forces (D), pressures (P) on the environment and, as a result, the states (S) of environmental changes, their impacts (I) on ecosystems, human health, and other factors, and societal responses (R) to the driving forces, or directly to the pressure, state, or impacts through preventive, adaptive, or curative solutions. For instance, with warmer recorded temperatures, glaciers melt faster. An important example is provided by climate change issues, as highlighted by Wilbanks and Kates (1999): Although climate change mainly takes place on the regional to global scale, the causes, impacts, and policy responses (mitigation and adaptation) tend to be local. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. The challenges to urban sustainability are often the very same challenges that motivate cities to be more sustainable in the first place. 4, Example of a greenbelt in Tehran, Iran. The clean-up for these can be costly to cities and unsustainable in the long term. They found that while those companies lost almost 600,000 jobs compared with what would have happened without the regulations, there were positive gains in health outcomes. Globally, over 50% of the population lives in urban areas today. What are Key Urban Environmental Problems? - Massachusetts Institute of Key variables to describe urban and environmental systems and their interrelationships; Measurable objectives and criteria that enable the assessment of these interrelationships; and. In particular, the institutional dimension plays an important role in how global issues are addressed, as discussed by Gurr and King (1987), who identified the need to coordinate two levels of action: the first relates to vertical autonomythe citys relationship with federal administrationand the second relates to the horizontal autonomya function of the citys relationship with local economic and social groups that the city depends on for its financial and political support. It is beyond the scope of this report to examine all available measures, and readers are directed to any of the numerous reviews that discuss their relative merits (see, for example, uek et al., 2012; EPA, 2014a; Janetos et al., 2012; Wiedmann and Barrett, 2010; Wilson et al., 2007; The World Bank, 2016; Yale University, 2016). When poorly managed, urbanization can be detrimental to sustainable development. Intended as a comparative illustration of the types of urban sustainability pathways and subsequent lessons learned existing in urban areas, this study examines specific examples that cut across geographies and scales and that feature a range of urban sustainability challenges and opportunities for collaborative learning across metropolitan regions. UCLA announces plan to tackle 'Grand Challenges,' starting with urban Indicates air quality to levels to members of the public. The spatial and time scales of various subsystems are different, and the understanding of individual subsystems does not imply the global understanding of the full system.